27 Ago RED DE DISTRIBUCIÓN DE ENERGÍA ELÉCTRICA
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Innovación y tecnología
by Gimena Flores
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Si eres un poco observador te habrás dado cuenta de que nuestro paisaje está lleno de torres eléctricas unidas por cables que cruzan todo el territorio. Estas torres y sus cables (líneas eléctricas) transportan la electricidad y son parte de nuestra red de distribución eléctrica.
¿QUÉ ES LA RED DE DISTRIBUCIÓN ELÉCTRICA?
La Red de Distribución de la Energía Eléctrica o Sistema de Distribución de Energía Eléctrica es la parte del suministro eléctrico que se encarga de suministrar electricidad desde la subestación (instalación principal de una zona) hasta los usuarios finales: hogares, empresas, fábricas o industrias.
¿CÓMO FUNCIONA LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DE ENERGÍA ELÉCTRICA?
Actualmente, la red eléctrica comienza en las centrales de producción de energía que están alejadas de las ciudades y urbanizaciones, esto significa que la energía tiene que recorrer grandes distancias siendo necesario para ello largos cableados, lo que implica un coste elevado.
Las energías renovables al ser energías limpias no tienen por qué estar alejadas de las urbanizaciones puesto que no producen emisiones, por ello hablamos de generación distribuida de energía a la producción de proximidad.
Mediante pequeñas centrales cercanas al lugar de consumo se consigue abaratar la distribución de la electricidad, cuanto menos recorrido tenga que hacer la electricidad menos infraestructuras se necesitaran y por tanto será menor su impacto medioambiental.
TRANSMISIÓN Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DE LA ELECTRICIDAD
Una vez generada la electricidad en alguna de las centrales productoras de energía, ésta debe ser transmitida y distribuida a los consumidores a través de la red de distribución, pero la electricidad se transmite a un voltaje muy alto por las líneas eléctricas. Esto se debe a que cuanto mayor es el voltaje menor es la corriente necesaria para la misma cantidad de energía y, por tanto, menor pérdida de electricidad.
Como la electricidad se transmite en un voltaje o tensión muy alta, son necesarios unos transformadores que bajen la tensión de la electricidad para poder suministrarlo a hogares y empresas.
Ya hemos explicado las centrales eléctricas, las líneas de transmisión y los transformadores, estos tres elementos son los que conforman la red eléctrica.
LA RED ELÉCTRICA EN ESPAÑA
La Red Eléctrica en España (REE) es la entidad encargada de asegurar el funcionamiento de la red eléctrica española. Su función principal es la de garantizar la seguridad de las instalaciones y el transporte de la energía eléctrica, esto implica mantener y reparar las instalaciones, así como invertir en nuevas infraestructuras para que todos los consumidores tengan un acceso equitativo a la red.
La red de transporte de la electricidad la componen más de 40.100 km, más de 4.800 subestaciones.
LA LIBERACIÓN DEL MERCADO ENERGÉTICO EN ESPAÑA
Durante la década de los 90 en España empezó el proceso de liberalización del mercado energético. A partir del 1997 se empezó a liberalizar el sector eléctrico para adaptarse a las directrices de la Unión Europea.
La liberalización del mercado eléctrico es un hecho importante dado que las empresas distribuidoras, que hasta entonces se ocupaban tanto del transporte como de la venta de la energía a los consumidores.
A pesar de que se liberalizara el mercado eléctrico las empresas distribuidoras siguen siendo las propietarias de algunas partes de las infraestructuras, por ese motivo no se puede escoger distribuidora.
Cada distribuidora gestiona una zona del territorio, por ejemplo, Iberdrola gestiona el centro de España, Endesa gestiona Cataluña, Andalucía y las Islas Baleares y Canarias; Naturgy (antigua Gas Natural) tiene infraestructuras en Galicia y algunas zonas del centro del país; HC Energía está en Asturias y Viesgo en la ciudad de Santander.
El proceso de liberalización del mercado eléctrico en España concluyó en 2009, a partir de ese momento se puede escoger qué empresa comercializadora de luz quieren contratar.
Los objetivos de la liberalización del mercado son notables dado que la libre competencia fomenta la mejora tanto de servicios como de precios afectando a la ley de la oferta y la demanda y favoreciendo al consumidor.
DIFERENCIA ENTRE DISTRIBUIDORA Y COMERCIALIZADORA
Como hemos dicho en el apartado anterior, las empresas distribuidoras son las encargadas de gestionarlas tanto a nivel de distribución como de mantenimiento, solventando cualquier posible avería e incidencia en el cableado, las torres eléctricas o los contadores (si son de alquiler). También, como propietaria, es quien gestiona las altas o bajas que los usuarios solicitan a través de la comercializadora.
Las empresas comercializadoras son las que compran y venden la electricidad.
Los usuarios firman un contrato de suministro eléctrico con ellas y ellas son las encargadas de hacer los trámites necesarios con distribuidora en su lugar y se encargan de emitir la facturación.
Dentro de la facturación de las comercializadoras algunos de los conceptos que se pueden encontrar son: la tarifa de acceso, los peajes (pago a las distribuidoras para que permitan el uso de su red eléctrica), el impuesto eléctrico, etc.
Se puede cambiar de comercializadora tantas veces como quiera el usuario (atendiendo a las condiciones de permanencia de cada contrato) sin cortes de luz, dado que la distribuidora seguirá siendo la misma.
Es decir, si el usuario tiene un problema vinculado a la red (contadores, cables, etc.) tendrá que contactar con la empresa distribuidora, en cambio si tiene alguna duda sobre la facturación o quiere solicitar algún cambio en el suministro (cambio de titularidad, cambio de potencia o cambio de tarifa) deberá contactar con su comercializadora.
Descubre hoy mismo todas las ventajas que ofrece cambiar de compañía de la luz y da el paso hacia un futuro 100% de energía renovable. Nuestro objetivo es ofrecerte el suministro que mejor se adapte a ti y a tus necesidades reales. ¿Todavía no nos conoces? Somos tu alternativa eléctrica.
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